语法书 - 第四讲
第四讲 动词和时态
动词
系动词
分类
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be
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感官动词
look, feel, smell, sound, taste
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变化
(be)come, get, grow, turn, go
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保持
keep, stay, remain
区分
将动词替换成be，观察句子是否仍然成立。
| look | 看 | 看起来 |
| feel | 摸 | 感觉 |
| smell | 闻 | 闻起来 |
| sound | 弄响，发音 | 听起来 |
| taste | 品尝 | 尝起来 |
| get | 得到 | 变 |
| grow | 生长，种植 | 变 |
| turn | 转动，翻动，使变得 | 变 |
主动表被动
实义动词
及物与不及物
-
例子
- sit - seat
- rise - raise
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[vi. + adv. / prep构成及物的动词短语](#固定搭配（非 EIM 生词表内）)
持续与瞬间
? 完成时中，瞬间动词不与一段时间连用。
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动词转化
momentary durative momentary durative go be away come be here come back be back leave be away / not here buy have borrow keep begin / start be on finish be over open be open close be closed get to know know turn on be on get up be up sit down sit / be seated join be in / a member of become be die be dead marry be married to -
句型
- It is / has been + 时间 + since + 主语 + v.[mom] = 主语 + have / has been + v.[dur] + for + 一段时间
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瞬间动词否定形式可以与一段时间连用
固定搭配
情态动词
规则
-
+动词原形
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直接提问 / 否定 （助动词）
-
没有人称 / 数
分类
-
can, could
- 表示能力 = be able to do 任意句型
- 表示准许 Could you please ... ? 任意句型
- 表示推测 否定句，疑问句
- could have done
- 推测过去
- 虚拟过去（没有发生）
-
may, might
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表示准许 = can 任意句型
-
表示推测 肯定句，否定句
may be = may + be
maybe adv. \(\Rightarrow\) 或许
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表示请示
- might: 语气非常委婉
- 否定回答：No, you mustn‘t / you can‘t.
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表示目的
so that ... may ... -
might have done 推测过去
-
-
must
- 表示必须
- 一般用于现在或将来，间接引语中也用作过去（现在式与过去式同形，表将来不加will）。
- 否定回答：No, you needn‘t / you don‘t have to.
- 表示推测
- 语气强烈
- 否定：can‘t
- 不用于将来
- 与 have to 的区别
- must 表示主观上的必须， have to 表示客观上的必要。
- have to - had to - will have to
must - must - must
- must have done 推测过去（语气强烈）
- 表示必须
-
need
- 出现在肯定句中一定是行为动词。
- 主动表被动
-
ought
- oughtn‘t = ought not
- to do
Question Tags
时态
过去完成时
“过去的过去”
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状语从句
When I got to the station, the train had already left.
After?he had finished his homework, he went to bed.
= After he finished his homework, he went to bed.
before, after 已经明确先后，也可不用完成时
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宾语从句
told, said, knew, heard, thought
主句一般过去时，从句发生先于主句
时间状语
- by / by the end of / before + 过去时间点
上下文
现在完成进行时
意义
- 表示从过去某一时间开始一直在进行并有可能持续下去的动作，强调动作的全过程
- 表示从过去到现在的重复性动作
注意
表示状态、感情、感觉的静态动词如 have, like, hate, wear, know, sound不可用于现在完成进行时（但可用于现在完成时）
时间状语
- for / since
固定搭配
the first time
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主语从句
- It is the first time + [主语] + have done sth.
- It was the first time + [主语] + had done sth.
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状语从句
the first time + [主语] + did
(第四讲 专项练习) 17. I don‘t think Jim saw me, he _____ into space.
A. just stared B. was just staring C. has just stared D. had just stared
answer
B. just 也可用于非完成时态
原文：https://www.cnblogs.com/Mackerel-Pike/p/12559659.html