语法书 - 第三讲
第三讲 代词 介词 连词 冠词
代词
人称代词
顺序
- 一般情况
- 单数:2 - 3 - 1
- 复数:1 - 2 - 3
- 第一人称要放在前面的情况(礼貌)
- 承认错误 / 承担责任 (1 - 3 - 2)
- 身份地位等级高者对身份地位等级低者说
it的特别用法
-
作形式主语 / 宾语 (独有)
-
时间,天气,季节,距离
-
指代上文内容
-
指婴儿(无性别),未知的人或事
其他
-
单独的人称代词用宾格
Me too.
-
of + 宾格
物主代词
形容词性物主代词与名词性物主代词比较
-
成分
分别是形容词和名词作用~~(废话)~~
-
用法注意
形容词性物主代词后有名词, 名词性物主代词后没有名词。
物主代词的双重属格
-
结构
若想把形容词性物主代词和a, an, the, this, that, these, those, some, any, several, no, each, every, such, another, which一起用,结构改成
上述词 + n. + of + 名词性物主代词
-
与单独的of所有格用法区分
a picture of Tom \(\Rightarrow\)?上面有Tom
a picture of Tom‘s?\(\Rightarrow\)?归Tom所有
-
主谓一致
意义一致。
反身代词
用途
- 不做主语
- 当宾语与主语相同时,宾语用反身代词
搭配
-
作状语
do sth. + 意思 相同含义的表达方式 oneself 亲自 personally, in person by oneself 独自做 alone for oneself 独立做
为自己without being helped -
作宾语
teach oneself 自学
enjoy oneself 过得愉快
dress oneself 自己穿衣服
can‘t help oneself +doing 情不自禁
help oneself +to sth?自便
talk / speak to oneself 自言自语
feed oneself = eat for oneself 独立进食
seat oneself 就座? = take one‘s seat
指示代词
用法
-
一般用法
that, those \(\Rightarrow\) 远处,指代上文
this, these \(\Rightarrow\) 近处,指代下文
-
that
可以用来指代句子或者句子的一部分
不定代词
组成
| 名词或定语 | all, both, each, either, neither, more, little, few, much, many, some, any, one |
| 只作定语 | another, other, very, no |
| 只作名词 | something, anything, everything, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nothing, no one, everybody, everyone, others |
辨析
-
all VS both
all \(\Rightarrow\) 三者及以上
both \(\Rightarrow\) 两者
all / both of them = they / them all / both
-
neither VS nor
不同的人干同一件事 \(\Rightarrow\) neither
相同的人干不同的事 \(\Rightarrow\) nor
注意?both ... are not (部分否定)?\(\neq\)?neither ... is (全部否定)
-
no one VS none VS nothing
no one \(\Rightarrow\) 指人;后不加 of;回答Who提问
none \(\Rightarrow\) 指物或人;后可加 of,也可单独用作答语;回答How many / much提问;有范围
nothing \(\Rightarrow\) 指物;无范围
-
one, the one, it, that
-
one是泛指,the one, it, that是特指
-
it是同一个
-
the one 与 that 意义相同 (同理,the ones 和 those 意义相同)
The book on the shelf is more interesting than that / the one on the desk.
the one 不用于 n.[U]
The weather of NJ is better than that of BJ.
that 不用于省略关系代词的定语从句
The hat you bought is bigger than the one (此处省略了which / that) I bought.
-
-
some VS any
-
some与any在肯定句与否定 / 疑问句中可互相转化
-
some 有“某一”的意思
-
some也可用于肯定疑问句中,表示期望得到肯定回答或认为对方回答会是肯定的
Would you like ... ?
-
any也可用于肯定句中,表示”任何“
-
-
other
-
两个:one ..., the other ...
-
三个(枚举):one ..., one(another)..., the other(the third) ...
-
三个及以上(分类):some ..., the others ...
-
another: 泛指另一个
特殊用法:another + 基数词 + n.[plu] (主谓一致)
-
others: 泛指另外多个
-
he others: 剩余的全部
-
-
few, little
-
only a few / little = few / little 表示否定含义
-
quite a few + n.[plu] = not a few + n.[plu] = many a + n.[sing]?= many + n.[plu]
not a little = much
-
介词
辨析
in, after, later
- in
- 一般将来时,时间段
- 一般过去时,时间段,与动词否定 / first , last 连用:以来
- after
- 过去,时间点或时间段
- 一般将来时,时间点
- later adv.
- 过去或将来,时间段
at, in on
-
at: 时刻
-
in
- 周,月,季节
- 泛指(不带形容词)的上午、下午、晚上
-
on
- 日子
- 特指的上午、下午、晚上
-
this, last, next, every不和介词一起用
in, by, with
-
with
-
工具,要用代词 / 冠词
-
with(out) 的独立主格
怎么都行\[\rm with \ + \ n. \ + \begin{cases} \rm -ing. / -\!ed \\rm to \ do \\rm adj. \\rm adv. \\rm prep. 短语 \end{cases} \]
-
-
in
-
材料,无冠词
-
不能直立的交通工具 car, taxi
(区别 on: 能直立的交通工具plane, bike, bus)
此时有冠词
-
固定搭配
- speak in?a loud voice
- say sth. in?a / some language
- pay in cash
- write in pencil
-
省略的情形
-
be busy (in) doing
-
have difficulty / trouble / problem (in) doing
-
(in) this / that way
-
spend ... (in) doing
-
have a good time (in) doing
-
waste ... (in) doing
-
It‘s no good / use (in) doing
区分There‘s no need to do
-
-
-
by
- 手段,交通工具无冠词
(第三讲 专项练习) III. 6. A great man shows his greatness _____ the way he treats little man.
A. under B. with C. on D. by
answer
D.
but, except, except for, besides
-
besides \(\Rightarrow\) 排除
-
包括[1]
-
except, but \(\Rightarrow\) 同类
but 后面可以跟句子,遵循有do无to原则。
-
except \(\Rightarrow\) 不同类
-
on, over, above(below)
- on \(\Rightarrow\) 接触
- above \(\Rightarrow\) 不接触
- above(below) \(\Rightarrow\) 强调高度,可指温度、海拔、能力
by, until
-
by
与完成时连用,后不可接完整句子。
-
[until](#till / until)
固定搭配
out of reach / sight / place / order 不可及 / 不可见 / 错位 / 无章
leave by the door 从门口走
in all 总共 after all 终究
fall into the bed, sink into the chair
(第三讲 专项练习) III. 3. Modern equipment and no smoking are two of the things I like _____ working here.
A. with B. over C. at D. about
answer
D.
连词
用法
主谓一致
or
非否定句中表示或者,否定句中替代and
that
because, so; although, but
不可连用
然而,although 与 yet / still 可以连用
if, whether
even though / if, even so
even though / if \(\Rightarrow\) 即使
even so \(\Rightarrow\) 即使这样
as
冠词
用法
the
-
the only, the very, the same (主谓一致)
-
the +adj. = adj. + people (主谓一致)
-
the + 姓氏复数 \(\Rightarrow\) 一家人
-
v. + sb + in / on the + 身体部位
take sb. by the hand
-
上文提到过,特指
-
专有名词
-
江河湖海
-
国名
-
复数形式
Philippines
-
缩写
the UK, the US, the PRC
事实上,是因为其中带有 Kingdom, State, Republic
-
-
山脉,the Alps / Himalayas / Rockies
但是 Mount Everest
-
西洋乐器
-
棋类运动
-
带有一般词的专有名词
the World Trade Centre
the Great Wall
the Empire State building
-
报刊杂志,the Times, the People‘s Daily
-
朝代,the Tang Dynasty
-
天体, the sun, the moon, the star, the sky, the world, the sea~~, the God~~
-
军队,the army, the fire brigade, the police
-
城市中的地点
-
饭店, 餐馆,酒吧,影院,戏院,博物馆,画廊
-
the ... + of + ...
the history of China 比较 Chinese history
-
-
惯用语
-
in the?day
-
in the morning ( / ...)
-
the?day before yesterday
the?day after tomorrow
-
the next morning
next表示现在和将来时没有next,在间接引语中改为过去要变成the next.
-
in the?dark / rain / distance (在远处)
-
in the?middle of
at the beginning / end of
in the?end
the top / bottom of
the?left / right
-
on the whole
-
by the?way 顺便一提
in the way 挡路
-
in the?sky / water/ field / country
-
on the phone
-
be under the?weather 身体不适
-
take the medicine
-
listen to the?radio
-
at the office
-
a
-
a与an
元音音节。
an hour, a European
-
表示“一”
-
a + 姓名 / 姓氏
- 不确定;不肯定
- 家庭成员
A?Mr. Thomson wanted to see you.
-
频率,... times + a + 时间单位
-
惯用语
-
in a way = in one way = in some way(s)
另: (get) in the way of\(\Rightarrow\)?挡路 on one‘s way \(\Rightarrow\)?在路上
-
have a try
-
make a living
-
take an interest in
-
lend / give sb. a hand
-
for a while
-
in a hurry
-
in a word
-
take a bath / shower / rest / walk
-
a?heavy traffic
区分 the traffic \(\Rightarrow\)?特指
-
have a?great?lunch
区分 have lunch, 无形容词
-
have a good time
-
什么也不加
-
惯用语
-
give up tobacco
-
have fun
-
watch TV (泛指)
比较 turn down the?television (特指)
-
一般的next, last
-
城市中的地点
-
人名 / 地点 + 机场 / 车站 / 大学 / 城堡
-
street, road, square, Baker Street, Wall Street[2], Times Square
-
-
at work
-
辨析
| 意义 | 意义 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| at the table | 在桌旁 | at table | 吃饭 |
| by the day | 以天计 | by day | 白天 |
| take the place (of) | 取代 | take place | 发生 |
| in the future | (长远的)未来 | in future | (迫近的)未来 |
| go to the college / church / prison / school / hospital | 去大学 / 教堂 / 监狱 / 学校 / 医院 | go to college / church / prison / school / hospital | 作礼拜 / 上大学 / 蹲监狱 / 上学 / 看病 |
| on the bed | 在床上面 | in bed | 盖被子;睡觉 |
| on the top of | 在顶端 | on top of | 在顶上;除了以外 |
| a / the + 职业 / 身份 and a / the + 职业 / 身份 | 两个人 | a / the + 职业 / 身份 and + 职业 / 身份 | 同一个人 |
表示一类事物
原文:https://www.cnblogs.com/Mackerel-Pike/p/12559644.html