语法书 - 第六讲
第六讲 非谓语动词
动词不定式
形式
| 主动 | 被动 | 意义 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 一般 | to do | to be done | 在谓语动词后发生 |
| 进行 | to be doing | 与谓语动词同时发生，且正在进行 | |
| 完成 | to have done | to have been done | 先于谓语动词发生 |
| 意义 | 主语是动作的发出者 | 主语是动作的承受者 |
用法
作主语
-
句型
-
To do + V + O / P ( + for sb) = It‘s + O / P (for sb) + to do
-
适用范围
There‘s no need to do ...
区分 It‘s no use? / no good doing ...
-
作表语
-
有 do 无 to
-
固定搭配
would rather, had beter, prefer to do rather than, do nothing but / than / besides / except
-
谓语动词不是 do, 非谓的 to 不能省
-
to do 作后置定语，其后出现的非谓不定式的 t o可有可无。
-
作宾语
-
适用范围
-
v. + to do
want, wish, prefer, hope, manage, ask, promise, mean, pretend, intend, attempt, decide, learn, desire, atree, care, choose, determine, expect, offer
-
v. + wh- + to do
tell, advise, show, teach, find out, discuss, learn, know
-
作宾补
-
v. + n. / pron. + to do
-
适用范围
tell, require, warn, advise, allow, permit
-
[被动语态](# S + V + O + OC)
可以看出，并不是所有不定式都有显式的 to
作定语
一般要后置。
作状语
-
目的状语
= in order to do
-
原因状语
通常放在句末。
only to do, 表示不愉快的结果
They jumped for joy __________ (hear) the news they had come first in the basketball tournament.
answer
to hear -
结果状语
固定搭配
-
too ... to ... = so ... that sb can‘t ...
-
enough + n. / adj. + enough + to do
-
in order to do = so as to do
in order to do 放在句首 / 末， so as to do 放在句末
-
used to do \(\Rightarrow\)?过去常做某事 区分
use ... to do \(\Rightarrow\)?用 ... 做
be / get used to doing \(\Rightarrow\)?习惯了 -
had better do
-
To be frank, ... = To be honest, ...
-
To tell you the truth
-
To cut a long story short
否定
一般情况
\(\rm to \ \ do \ \to \ not \ \ to \ \ do\)
否定前移
\(\rm v. + \ to \ \ do \ \to \color{red}\ don‘t + v. + \ to \ \ do\)
seem
区分介词 to
作介词的??\(\rm to + doing（介宾） \to \ to + \bold{not \ \ doing}\)
look forward to
动名词
形式[1]
| 主动 | 被动 | |
|---|---|---|
| 一般式 | doing | being done |
| 完成式 | having done | having been done |
-
[否定](#区分介词 to)
not + 动名词
-
复合结构
物主代词 / 所有格 + 动名词
用法
作主语
常用it作形式主语。
作表语
作定语
前置定语，表示用途、目的、性质
作宾语
-
可作动宾也可作介宾
-
有宾补的时候常用it作形式宾语
-
适用范围
enjoy, finish, avoid, excuse, delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, adimit, deny, mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk, appreciate, be busy, be worth, feel like, can‘t stand / help, think / dream of, be fond of, prevent / keep /stop / protect... (from), set about, be engaged in, spend ... (in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on[2]
分词
形式
| 主动语态 \(\Rightarrow\) 主动 |
被动语态 \(\Rightarrow\) 被动 |
||
|---|---|---|---|
| 现在分词 | 一般式 \(\Rightarrow\) 同时发生 |
(not) doing | (not) being done |
| 完成式 \(\Rightarrow\) 先于谓语动词发生 |
(not) having done | (not) having been done | |
| 过去分词 \(\Rightarrow\) 动作完成[3] |
(not) done |
现在分词
作定语
-
单独的分词 \(\Rightarrow\) 前置； 分词短语 \(\Rightarrow\) 后置
-
相当于定语从句
作表语
- 进行的动作 \(\Rightarrow\) 进行时； 特征 \(\Rightarrow\) 分词作表语
作宾补
-
适用范围
see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch
作状语
- 表时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、伴随等[4]
过去分词
不规则变形
- wake - woke - woken
作定语
不及物的动词的被动语态不表示被动，只表示完成。
作表语
-
被动的动作 \(\Rightarrow\) 被动语态；状态 \(\Rightarrow\) 分词作表语[5]
作状语
-
表时间、原因、让步、条件、伴随、方式等[4:1]
原文：https://www.cnblogs.com/Mackerel-Pike/p/12559680.html